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At constant temperature and pressure, a process is spontaneous when

A $Δ S_{system} > 0$ regardless of $Δ H$
B $Δ G > 0$
C $Δ G < 0$
D $Δ H < 0$ regardless of $Δ S$

Answer: C

The criterion for spontaneity at constant

T

and

P

is

Δ G = Δ H - T Δ S < 0

. A negative

Δ H

alone or a positive

Δ S_{system}

alone is not sufficient.

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