The inert pair effect refers to the reluctance of which electrons to take part in bonding in heavier p-block elements?

A $n p$ electrons
B $n s$ electrons
C $(n - 1) d$ electrons
D $1 s$ electrons

Answer: B

In the heavier p-block elements the

n s^{2}

pair is held tightly because poorly shielding

d

and

f

electrons let the effective nuclear charge rise. This pair therefore resists participation, and the lower oxidation state (group number minus 2) becomes stable.

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