Which of the following ions is the most effective in coagulating a negatively charged $As X_{2} S X_{3}$ sol?

A $Al X^{3 +}$
B $SO X_{4} X^{2 -}$
C $Ca X^{2 +}$
D $Na X^{+}$

Answer: A

The

As X_{2} S X_{3}

sol is negative, so the cations (counter-ions) cause coagulation. By the Hardy-Schulze rule the coagulating power rises with the charge of the cation, so the trivalent

Al X^{3 +}

is the most effective.

SO X_{4} X^{2 -}

carries the same sign as the sol and has little effect.

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